Addison's disease
Addison's disease (after the English physician Thomas Addison) is also called autoimmune adrenalitis or primary adrenal insufficiency.
Previously, tuberculosis was the most common cause of progress...
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. The term 'dementia' describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoni...
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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thromboses in the larger arteries and veins and thrombotic microangiopathy.
Indications: Suspicion of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromboemb...
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Autoimmune hepatitis
Different types of autoimmune hepatitis can affect both sexes of all ages. The clinical picture may vary from a mild or even subclinical disease to acute relapses of liver failure. The onset of the...
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Churg-Strauss syndrome
Churg-Strauss syndrome mainly involves the medium to small blood vessels of the lungs but eventually also affects the gastrointestinal tract, heart, skin and kidneys.
It may also affect the periphe...
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Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease (gluten intolerance) is defined as a typical mucosal change of the small intestine, caused by gluten in the diet. In ”classical” coeliac disease the patient has diarrhea, weight los...
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Complement deficiency
The complement system is part of the innate immune system consisting of about 30 proteins. An intact complement system is required for protection against infection and for maintaining the internal ...
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Congenital heart block
Antibodies against Ro or La can be transferred from mother to child through the placenta. These antibodies may cause neonatal lupus, whose most serious manifestation is congenital heart block. In m...
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Connective tissue disease
A connective tissue disease is any disease that has the connective tissues the body as a target of pathology. Connective tissue is any type of biological tissue with an extensive extracellular matr...
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CREST syndrome
Scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the skin but often also involving the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory, renal, cardiovascular, and the genitourinary systems....
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Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and the intestine. The two most prominent IBD conditions are Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis. Although sim...
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is a genetically conditioned disease, where a defective ion channel in the airway epithelium gives rise to mucus. The viscous mucus gets colonized by bacteria. In a young child stap...
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Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is due to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing b-cells in the Langerhans islets in the pancreas. The destruction is probably triggered by one or more unknown environme...
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Drug induced lupus
Through various mechanisms some drugs may give lupus like syndromes as a side effect. They may activate a latent lupus or cause a separate syndrome called drug induced lupus. The symptom comprises ...
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Glomerulonephritis
Suspicion of glomerulonephritis arises as a rule when finding haematuria and/or proteinuria. The onset symptoms may also arise due to renal impairment. When investigating the urine sediment you usu...
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Goodpasture syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease characterised by lung haemorrhage, rapid destruction of the kidney and the presence of antibodies to glomerular basement membrane (GBM).
Th...
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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener's granulomatosis)
Wegener's granulomatosis, or Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), is an incurable form of vasculitis that affects the nose, lungs, kidneys and other organs.
The incidence of GPA is 10 cases per ...
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Graves' disease
Graves' disease is a type of Thyroid disease. These are primarily conditions that affect the amount of thyroid hormones being released.
Graves' disease, like most thyroid dysfunctions such as hypot...
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a type of Thyroid disease which are primarily conditions that affect the amount of thyroid hormones being released.
Most thyroid dysfunctions such as hypothyroidism or hy...
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Hereditary angioedema (HAE)
The disease is characterized by recurrent attacks of angioedema of the skin and mucous membranes and can be life threatening at the engagement of the airways.
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is caused ...
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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
The clinical entities ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease, the former with a predilection for rectum and colon, the latter for the ileocecal region and other bowel sections, are traditional...
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Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission.
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular trans...
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Limbic encephalitis
Limbic encephalitis is a form of encephalitis, a disease characterized by inflammation of the brain. Limbic encephalitis is caused by auto-immunity: an abnormal state where the body produces antibo...
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Microscopic polyangiitis
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is characterized by pauci-immune, necrotizing, small vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of granulomatous inflammation.
The annual incidence i...
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Multiple Sclerosis / Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome)
MS and NMO are inflammatory, demyelinating diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS). In MS the inflammation leads to the patchy destruction of the myelin and the nerve impulses are sto...
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Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by weakness and tiredness in the skeletal muscles.
Indications: Suspicion of myasthenia gravis or thymoma.
Antibodies ag...
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Neuroendocrine tumors
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) often present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. They are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while s...
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Neuropathy – unclear/Guillain-Barré syndrome
Polyneuropathy where the cause is unknown or is suspected to be autoimmune. Gangliosides are a group of glycolipids that contain sialic acid and that occur in the nervous system. They are integrate...
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Paraneoplastic syndromes and limbic encephalitis
Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system and limbic encephalitis are a group of rare disorders where auto-antibodies can be used as diagnostic markers.
CLINIC: It can often be difficul...
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Pemphigus / Pemphigoid (Bullous dermatosis)
Autoimmune bullous skin diseases include a group of serious diseases with blisters and erosions on skin and mucous membranes. The skin has adhesion molecules that stick the keratinocytes to each ot...
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Polymyositis / Dermatomyositis
An unusual systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the muscles. Skin and muscle symptoms occur in dermatomyositis. PM and DM have the same clinical symptoms but different pathogenesis. DM...
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Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) or idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN)
Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the kidney glomeruli leading to renal impairment.
Indications: Suspicion of primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) or i...
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Renopulmonella syndrome
The combination of acute glomerulonephritis with hematuria and renal dysfunction with pulmonary hemorrhage is characteristic of Goodpasture's syndrome
The combination of acute glomerulonephritis wi...
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints, which leads to joint swelling, progressive joint erosion and ultimately lead to cart...
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Scleroderma / systemic sclerosis
A disease with an unclear etiology, which affects many organ systems, mainly the skin and the blood vessels but the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract may also be affected.
Indications: Sus...
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Sjögren's syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.
Sjögren’s syndrome, like SLE, is a type of autoimmune...
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Stiff person Syndrome
Stiff person Syndrome is a rare disease of severe progressive muscle stiffness of the spine and lower extremities with superimposed muscle spasms triggered by external stimuli or emotional stress.
...
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Sudden deafness
Sudden hearing loss affects primarily middle-aged people and develops as a rule unilaterally in the course of one to three days.
Indications: Suspicion of autoimmune cause of sudden hearing l...
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), like Sjögren’s syndrome, is a type of autoimmune connective tissue disorder that may have both genetic and environmental causes. Connective tissue disorders are ...
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Ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and the intestine. The two most prominent IBD conditions are Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis. Although sim...
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